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TWENEX

   the second proprietary OS for the PDP-10 --- preferred by most
   PDP-10 hackers over TOPS-10 (that is, by those who were not
   ITS or WAITS partisans).  TOPS-20 began in 1969 as Bolt,
   Beranek & Newman's TENEX operating system using special paging
   hardware.  By the early 1970s, almost all of the systems on the
   ARPANET ran TENEX.  DEC purchased the rights to TENEX from BBN and
   began work to make it their own.  The first in-house code name for
   the operating system was VIROS (VIRtual memory Operating System);
   when customers started asking questions, the name was changed to
   SNARK so DEC could truthfully deny that there was any project
   called VIROS.  When the name SNARK became known, the name was
   briefly reversed to become KRANS; this was quickly abandoned when
   someone objected that `krans' meant `funeral wreath' in Swedish
   (though some Swedish speakers have since said it means simply
   `wreath'; this part of the story may be apocryphal).  Ultimately
   DEC picked TOPS-20 as the name of the operating system, and it was
   as TOPS-20 that it was marketed.  The hacker community, mindful of
   its origins, quickly dubbed it TWENEX (a contraction of `twenty
   TENEX'), even though by this point very little of the original
   TENEX code remained (analogously to the differences between AT&T V6
   UNIX and BSD).  DEC people cringed when they heard "TWENEX", but
   the term caught on nevertheless (the written abbreviation `20x'
   was also used).  TWENEX was successful and very popular; in fact,
   there was a period in the early 1980s when it commanded as fervent
   a culture of partisans as UNIX or ITS --- but DEC's decision to
   scrap all the internal rivals to the VAX architecture and its
   relatively stodgy VMS OS killed the DEC-20 and put a sad end to
   TWENEX's brief day in the sun.  DEC attempted to convince TOPS-20
   users to convert to VMS, but instead, by the late 1980s,
   most of the TOPS-20 hackers had migrated to UNIX.